Developments In Equal Pay Litigation - 2023 Update

Table of Contents	V
Equal Pay Legislation	1
A. The Federal Equal Pay Act And Title VII	1
B. State Equal Pay Legislation	1
C. Pay Transparency And Other State And Local Initiatives	3
Case Law Developments In 2022 And early 2023	7
A. Proving The Prima Facie Case	7
1. Establishing A Wage Disparity	8
2. Showing That Work Is “Equal” Or “Substantially Similar”	16
B. Significant Class And Collective Action Decisions	25
1. Recent Cases Involving Collective Action Certification	25
2. Recent Cases Involving Class Action Certification	31
C. Disproving Discrimination: Employers’ Affirmative Defenses	35
1. Proving A Factor Other Than Sex	35
2. Additional State Law Requirements To Establish The Factor Other Than Sex Defense	40
3. Challenging The Factor Other Than Sex: Salary History And Beyond	42
4. Other Affirmative Defenses	47
5. Pretext	50
D. Other Important Substantive Decisions Impacting Equal Pay Litigation	53
1. Retaliation Claims	53
2. Arbitration Agreements	56
3. Proving An “Establishment”	59
4. Identifying The “Employer” Under The EPA	61
5. Statute Of Limitations And Willfulness Issues	64
Developments In EEOC Enforcement Of Equal Pay Act Claims	65
A. Recent Examples Of EEOC Enforcement Activity	65
B. EEOC Litigation of Title VII Equal Pay Claims	69

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