2026 Developments In Equal Pay Litigation Book

Front Cover	I
Developments in Equal Pay Litigation	1
OUR EQUAL PAY PRACTICE	3
OUR AUTHORS	4
TABLE OF CONTENTS	5
EQUAL PAY LEGISLATION	7
A. Foundational Laws: The Federal Equal Pay Act and Title VII	7
B. State Equal Pay Legislation	7
C. Pay Transparency and Other State and Local Initiatives	8
RECENT CASE LAW DEVELOPMENTS	12
A. Proving The Prima Facie Case	12
1. Establishing A Wage Disparity	13
2. Showing That Work Is “Equal” Or “Substantially Similar”	25
B. Significant Class And Collective Action Decisions	37
1. Recent Cases Involving Collective Action Certification	38
2. Recent Cases Involving Class Action Certification	45
C. Disproving Discrimination: Employers’ Affirmative Defenses	50
1. Proving A Factor Other Than Sex	50
a. Compensation Systems and Hierarchies	50
b. Economic and Market Justifications	54
2. Additional State Law Requirements to Establish the Factor Other Than Sex Defense	57
3. Challenging The Factor Other Than Sex: Salary History and Beyond	61
4. Other Affirmative Defenses	68
5. Pretext	71
D. Other Important Substantive Decisions Impacting Equal Pay Litigation	74
1. Retaliation Claims	74
2. Proving An “Establishment”	79
3. Identifying The “Employer” Under The EPA	81
4. Statute Of Limitations and Willfulness Issues	84
5. Maintaining Privilege of Internal Investigations and Proactive Pay Studies	85
DEVELOPMENTS IN EEOC ENFORCEMENT OF EQUAL PAY CLAIMS	87
A. Recent Examples of EEOC Enforcement Activity	88
B. EEOC Litigation of Title VII Equal Pay Claims	91

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